Wednesday, September 25, 2013

Can melatonin help you lose body fat? by Jerry Brainum


Melatonin is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the brain. Melatonin is synthesized through a series of enzymatic steps starting with the presence of the essential amino acid, L-tryptophane. The tryptophane is converted into serotonin, which is a brain neurotransmitter, and then converted into melatonin. This happens at night, and melatonin has long been associated with sleep onset. In fact, it's sold as an over the counter food supplement for that purpose. Besides being available in food supplement form, melatonin is also found naturally in small amounts in various foods, such as fruits, vegetables, cherries, almonds, mustard, and other foods. Besides its use as a sleep aid, melatonin also has been shown in various studies to be useful in treating diabetes, elevated glucose levels, and elevated blood fats. It is considered safe when used in moderate amounts. The usual dose for sleep onset purposes is 1-5 milligrams, taken an hour prior to sleep. Any more than this results in extreme morning grogginess. As you might expect, since melatonin promotes the stages of deep sleep, it also promotes growth hormone release during sleep. One study published a few years ago found that when young men ingested melatonin prior to exercise, they showed significant elevations in growth hormone release during exercise. This, however, is not advised, since melatonin will make you feel sleepy, and thus is not conducive to intense training.
     While having excess body fat is considered antithetical to good health for a number of reasons, there is one type of fat that is beneficial. Known as brown adipose tissue or simply, "BAT," this type of fat provides a potent thermogenic action, converting excess calories into heat. This tends to help keep body fat levels lower. While humans were previously thought to express BAT only during infancy, more recent research has found that BAT is more active in adults than previously believed. Some suggest that BAT explains why some people can consume more calories than others, yet not get fat. Another type of fat recently discovered is known as beige adipose tissue. Similarly to regular BAT, this type of fat is thermogenic, but doesn't contain as any mitochondria (where fat is oxidized) as the usual form of BAT. But the beige fat does contain higher amounts of the same thermogenic protein found in BAT, namely uncoupling protein-1 or UCP-1. White adipose tissue or the usual type of fat found in the body, can be converted into beige fat through exposure to cold. But according to a new study, another way to convert white fat into more active beige fat is by providing melatonin.
   The study involved both diabetic fat rats, as well as normal, thin rats. Providing melatonin to the rats increased the sensitivity to cold exposure (thus producing more beige fat), as well as boosting the thermogenic effect produced by exercise. The researchers who conducted this study were surprised to find that melatonin produced these beneficial effects in both the diabetic obese rats as well as the thin normal rats.The amount of melatonin supplied to the rats was 10 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight, but this would be modified for a human dose, and thus humans would need ingest a far lower dose to get the same effect as the rats. Precisely how much hasn't yet been determined. The levels of UCP-1, the primary thermogenic protein in BAT and beige fat, doubled in the rats provided with melatonin. Melatonin also boosted the levels of another protein called PGC-1A, which promotes the development of additional mitochondria, by 25% in the lean rats, and more than double in the fat rats.
    While this research looks promising, it must be kept in mind that it involved rats, not humans. While the existing mechanisms also occur in humans, whether melatonin will produce similar effects remains to be studied. In addition, the ideal human dose for this purpose also needs to be determined before melatonin can be recommended as a fat-loss aid.

                                                                    Reference

   Jimenez-Aranda, et al.

Melatonin induces browning of inguinal white adipose tissue in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Pineal Res 2013: in press.


 ©,2013 Jerry Brainum. Any reprinting in any type of media, including electronic and foreign is expressly prohibited.


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Tuesday, September 24, 2013

Cooked meat, creatinine, and kidney tests by Jerry Brainum


Creatinine is the primary metabolic byproduct of creatine breakdown in the body. Each day, about 1-2% of creatine stores in the body are degraded into creatinine. Many of the liquid creatine supplements sold today are also largely composed of creatinine, since creatine is unstable in liquid form. Although creatinine is relatively harmless, it does not provide any of the ergogenic benefits associated with creatine. It is therefore more of a creatine waste product than anything else.
    A common test of kidney function is involves testing for the level of creatinine in the urine. When creatine is broken down into creatinine, it is excreted from the body via the kidneys. Normally, the level of creatinine found in urine samples remains in a constant range. If it rises above that range, it suggests that the filtering capacity of the kidneys has been compromised. This, in turn, would point to the onset of possible renal failure. Under normal conditions, the urinary creatinine level doesn't rise until there already has been extensive damage to the kidneys. But there are some notable exceptions to this rule.
   One such exception is whether you are consuming a creatine supplement. The body produces an average of one gram of creatine daily, produced in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. If you eat foods naturally rich in creatine, such as red meat, you ingest about another gram of creatine. In contrast, just one teaspoon of the most common creatine food supplement, creatine monohydrate, supplies five grams of creatine, or about the same amount found in 2 1/2 pounds of beef. If you opt for a creatine loading technique, such as ingesting 5-6 teaspoons of creatine for 5-6 days, after two days, half the creatine you ingest will be rapidly converted into creatinine. If you were to have a urinary kidney test for creatine during that time, you would show elevated levels of creatinine, this making your doctor think you were in the early stages of kidney failure.
     Another way that the urinary creatinine test can be skewed is by eating red meat prior to the test. This was shown in a new study involving 80 subjects. The group consisted of healthy volunteers and diabetic patients with various stages of chronic kidney disease. The subjects were provided with either cooked meat meal or a non-meat meal on different days. The meals supplied 54 grams of protein, and the subjects also consumed 250 milliliters of water.
    The results showed that the cooked meat meal led to a significantly increased serum creatinine level, along with a fall in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), another measure of kidney function. The elevated creatinine level shown in the subjects subsided after 12 hours of fasting.
    The study authors suggest that a large percentage of creatine found in meat is degraded into creatinine when the meat is cooked. The resulting excess creatinine is rapidly excreted, and can show up in a medical test for creatinine levels. The solution to this problem is to measure creatinine under fasting conditions, along with a test for GFR, which would product a more accurate picture of actual kidney function. Another method involves looking at the blood urinary nitrogen (BUN) level compared to the creatinine level.
    The message derived from this study is that 1) Cooked meat may not contain as much creatine as supposed; 2) Don't have any creatinine tests, blood or urinary, within 12 hours of consuming a meat meal or ingesting a creatine supplement.
                                                           
                                                                    Reference

Nair, S, et al. Effect of a cooked meal on serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate in diabetes related disease. Diabetes Care 2013; In press.

 ©,2013 Jerry Brainum. Any reprinting in any type of media, including electronic and foreign is expressly prohibited.


Have you been ripped off by supplement makers whose products don’t work as advertised? Want to know the truth about them? Check out Jerry Brainum's book Natural Anabolics, available at JerryBrainum.com.

 

Want more evidence-based information on exercise science, nutrition and food supplements, ergogenic aids, and anti-aging research? Check out Applied Metabolics Newsletter at www.appliedmetabolics.com.

 

The Applied Ergogenics blog is a collection of articles written and published by Jerry Brainum over the past 20 years. These articles have appeared in Muscle and Fitness, Ironman, and other magazines. Many of the posts on the blog are original articles, having appeared here for the first time. For Jerry’s most recent articles, which are far more in depth than anything that appears on this blog site, please subscribe to his Applied Metabolics Newsletter, at www.appliedmetabolics.com. This newsletter, which is more correctly referred to as a monthly e-book, since its average length is 35 to 40 pages, contains the latest findings about nutrition, exercise science, fat-loss, anti-aging, ergogenic aids, food supplements, and other topics. For 33 cents a day you get the benefit of Jerry’s 53 years of writing and intense study of all matters pertaining to fitness,health, bodybuilding, and disease prevention.

 

See Jerry's book at  http://www.jerrybrainum.com

 


Sunday, September 22, 2013

Fight Muscle-Eating Acid by Jerry Brainum

While no one would seriously deny the role of a high-protein diet in building muscle, there is one often overlooked drawback—people don’t eat enough alkaline foods to balance the acid that comes with taking in so much protein. Amino acids containing sulfur, mainly methionine and cysteine, can convert into sulfuric acid in the body. Since optimal body functions require a specific pH—that is, the measure of acidity and alkalinity in the blood—the body has a number of natural buffers that deal with a rise in acidity, including bicarbonate and phosphate. Still, protein may overwhelm the system if it’s not balanced by alkaline, or base, foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Many bodybuilders avoid fruits and vegetables because of their carbohydrate content.
    The body deploys alkaline minerals, mostly calcium and magnesium, to buffer excess acid. The loss of calcium in the buffering process has led to the idea that a high-protein diet makes you excrete excess calcium. If you don’t replace the calcium in your diet, low-calcium symptoms, such as muscle cramps, may arise. On a long-term basis, not getting enough calcium—or losing it as a result of buffering—can result in osteoporosis.
     While many dietitians still warn about the dangers of calcium loss with high-protein diets, a higher protein intake has been shown to increase bone density. In addition, the loss of calcium is only a problem if your body is also out of phosphate. Most natural high-protein foods are rich in phosphate, which is why you don’t often see bodybuilders’ bones crumbling during their posing routines.
     Potassium is an alkaline mineral, and several studies have shown that taking supplemental potassium can prevent the excessive protein excretion and calcium loss that can occur with a diet high in protein and acidic foods. The best natural sources of potassium are fruits and vegetables, which helps explain why they’re considered alkaline. A 41-day study involved 19 healthy men and women, aged 54 to 82, who went on both low- and high-protein diets.1 The subjects took supplemental potassium bicarbonate, up to 4,320 milligrams daily, or a placebo.
    The results: Potassium supplements reduced the nitrogen excretion that occurs with a diet high in protein and acids. The potassium also increased participants’ calcium absorption while they were on the lower-protein diet. Potassium reduced urinary nitrogen excretion by 50 percent, which translates into decreased muscle wasting. The most interesting finding of the study, however, was that the supplement increased the level of insulinlike growth factor 1. IGF-1, which is synthesized in the liver and locally in muscle, is a highly anabolic hormone. Most scientists think that nearly all of the anabolic effects attributed to growth hormone come about because it helps synthesize IGF-1 in the liver. The nitrogen- and calcium-sparing effects of potassium in this study are attributable to the increased IGF-1. Most older people are deficient in both GH and IGF-1 and may be frail for that reason. The implication of the study is that maintaining a favorable acid-to-alkaline balance in the elderly—in this case through high-dose potassium—can have anabolic effects by upgrading IGF-1 release.
     Another way that a high-acid diet can promote muscle loss is by increasing the release of cortisol, the primary catabolic hormone. When cortisol is on the rise, anabolic hormones usually recede, which sets you up for significant loss of muscle mass. Studies show that eating more alkaline foods can offset the rise in cortisol. Because excess cortisol has also been linked to obesity (particularly in the trunk area), cardiovascular disease and depression, ensuring an adequate alkaline reserve can help protect you against those maladies too. Also, exercise itself, particularly high-intensity weight training, results in a transient acidosis that is exacerbated by a high protein intake. Maintaining a favorable acid-to-alkaline balance helps boost blood buffering capacity and exercise recovery.
     So what do you do if you just can’t or won’t increase your intake of fruits and vegetables? One option is to supplement with potassium bicarb and ensure an adequate intake of other alkaline minerals, such as calcium and magnesium. Or you could use a high-quality “green powder” supplement. Researchers have found these products to be effective in increasing the alkaline reserve for those on a high-protein diet.2 While most of the green supplements are rather pricey, they’re potent in small amounts; just one serving a day will do the job. Increasing your alkaline reserve will not only prevent muscle and mineral losses but also result in notably increased feelings of well-being, especially if you’ve been a devotee of an acid-forming high-protein diet.

Editor’s note: Have you been ripped off by using supplements? Want to know the truth about them? Check out Natural Anabolics, available at www.JerryBrainum.com.
                                                    
                                                               References
1 Ceglia, L., et al. (2008). Potassium bicarbonate attenuates the urinary excretion that accompanies an increase in dietary protein and may promote calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 94:645-653.
2 Berardi, J., et al. (2008). Plant-based dietary supplement increases urinary pH. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 5:20.



  ©,2013 Jerry Brainum. Any reprinting in any type of media, including electronic and foreign is expressly prohibited. 

 

Have you been ripped off by supplement makers whose products don’t work as advertised? Want to know the truth about them? Check out Jerry Brainum's book Natural Anabolics, available at JerryBrainum.com.


 

Want more evidence-based information on exercise science, nutrition and food supplements, ergogenic aids, and anti-aging research? Check out Applied Metabolics Newsletter at www.appliedmetabolics.com.

 

The Applied Ergogenics blog is a collection of articles written and published by Jerry Brainum over the past 20 years. These articles have appeared in Muscle and Fitness, Ironman, and other magazines. Many of the posts on the blog are original articles, having appeared here for the first time. For Jerry’s most recent articles, which are far more in depth than anything that appears on this blog site, please subscribe to his Applied Metabolics Newsletter, at www.appliedmetabolics.com. This newsletter, which is more correctly referred to as a monthly e-book, since its average length is 35 to 40 pages, contains the latest findings about nutrition, exercise science, fat-loss, anti-aging, ergogenic aids, food supplements, and other topics. For 33 cents a day you get the benefit of Jerry’s 53 years of writing and intense study of all matters pertaining to fitness,health, bodybuilding, and disease prevention.

 

See Jerry's book at  http://www.jerrybrainum.com




Monday, September 9, 2013

Gift of the Grape : Part 2 by JERRY BRAINUM

Free-Radical-Taming

Resveratrol Can Help Your Health, Heart and Muscles

In Part 1 we examined the way resveratrol works in the body, in particular its protective properties against cardiovascular disease and cancer. This time we’re taking a look at its antiaging properties and why bodybuilders need to take note of it.

Antiaging Effects
 
The only technique known to maximize life span in animals—not yet proven in humans—is calorie restriction. The method usually involves lowering the daily calorie intake by 30 to 40 percent, which is said to lessen oxidative effects. Some scientists, however, think that calorie restriction works because it activates a protective enzyme called SIRT1, which removes acetyl groups from specific proteins, triggering what’s called a gene-silencing effect—that is, it inhibits the activity of certain genes in the body.

Among those genes are the ones that control the aging process. Studies show that, like calorie restriction, resveratrol is capable of increasing the activity of SIRT1 as much as 13-fold over baseline. That implies that much of the aging-related benefit of calorie restriction may be obtainable with resveratrol. That also explains the attraction of resveratrol to life-extension devotees. Some studies show that it extends the longevity of yeast—by 70 percent—worms and fish. Others, however, have shown no life extension in yeast and worms.

The first study that pointed to a life-extension effect of resveratrol in mammals used mice.7 Middle-aged mice were put on a diet that contained 60 percent fat. Another group of mice got a standard diet. Those in the high-calorie group were also given resveratrol at a dose of 22.4 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight daily. Another group of mice ate the high-fat diet but didn’t get resveratrol. While both high-fat groups became obese, those on the resveratrol lived as long as control animals. The resveratrol mice also had enhanced insulin sensitivity, along with an increased number of mitochondria in their livers that matched that of the calorie-restricted mice.

A diet that derives 60 percent of its calories from fat isn’t normal, so another study featured mice that ate a standard diet supplemented with resveratrol. In that case, resveratrol didn’t provide any life-extending effects.8 It did, however, prevent age-related cardiovascular and obesity-related functional decline in the mice. After 10 months of resveratrol treatment, cholesterol levels declined in the mice, and the aortas functioned better in resveratrol-treated mice than in the ones that didn’t get the compound. Resveratrol also reduced heart inflammation as well as several other beneficial effects:

• Increased bone health, including density, volume, mineral content and bending stiffness

• Reduced cataract formation in older mice

• Enhanced balance and coordination

• A mimicking of the effects of calorie restriction in the gene expression profiles of liver, skeletal muscle and fat tissue

Evidence shows that resveratrol and SIRT1 activation can help with several diseases linked to aging, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, brain degeneration and inflammation.

Resveratol and Bodybuilding
 
Resveratrol may be relevant to weight training on several counts. One effect of restricting calories is that muscle ages far more slowly than it otherwise would. Loss of muscle function declines in animals that are on restricted calories—although it’s worth noting that humans who follow that kind of low-calorie regimen appear emaciated and atrophied. Mouse studies show that resveratrol duplicates favorable gene processes in muscles that take place with calorie restriction. The potent antioxidant activity of resveratrol may also contribute to that. While it remains to be demonstrated in humans, it’s plausible that taking resveratrol helps slow muscle aging. Indeed, scientists now recognize that a major cause of muscle aging is a gradual accumulation of iron in muscle over the years. That causes oxidation of muscle RNA, leading to damage and loss of muscle function.

9 Resveratrol chelates excess iron, thus preventing the iron-related oxidative damage.

Even so, when taken in excessive amounts, resveratrol itself can turn into a pro-oxidant, leading to free iron release and its attendant oxidative damage. Keep in mind that in natural sources, such as red wine, resveratrol is present in small doses and is accompanied by other natural antioxidants, such as the flavonoids and polyphenols that keep it stable. All antioxidants work as a team.

Resveratrol also favorably affects testosterone counts. Although it can interact with estrogen receptors, in low doses it competes with estrogen for interaction with the receptors, an effect similar to the drug Nolvadex. Resveratrol also inhibits the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens such as testosterone into estrogen. A recent study with rabbits showed that resveratrol increased erections (likely due to its NO-boosting effect) and testicular sperm counts and boosted blood testosterone by 51.6 percent.10 Another study found that resveratrol protected against testicular injury caused by environmental toxins in rats.11

A recent isolated-cell study found that resveratrol helped maintain muscle mass by increasing the proliferation of satellite cells, which are required to repair damaged muscle cells. Satellite cell activity commonly decreases with age, and it’s considered a major cause of muscle frailty in the elderly. The favorable effect of resveratrol in the study was related to increased SIRT1 activity.12

In another studymice that had been specially bred to age rapidly were given resveratrol and exercise.13 Other mice exercised but didn’t get resveratrol. Those not getting the resveratrol showed a decreased endurance capacity over 12 weeks, while those getting 0.2 percent resveratrol along with exercise maintained their endurance. The mice in the resveratrol group experienced a significant increase in oxygen consumption and mitochondrial energy enzymes. The study suggests that when combined with exercise, resveratrol may improve and maintain mitochondrial function in muscle. That’s highly significant, since loss of mitochondria in muscle is a major cause of muscle loss with aging.

In a study published two years ago, young mice given high-dose resveratrol—400 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight—showed resistance to obesity, as well as increased aerobic-exercise capacity and less muscle fatigue during exercise. The mice were able to run twice as far before exhaustion set in.14

Cell studies show that resveratrol inhibits the development of fat cells.15,16 Another study found that it inhibits insulin secretion and increases insulin sensitivity.17 High insulin counts stimulate increased bodyfat synthesis, especially when accompanied by excess calorie or carbohydrate intake. The study showed that resveratrol blocks the inhibitory effects of insulin on epinephrine-stimulated fat oxidation.

One problem with the popular supplement conjugated linoleic acid is that it brings on inflammation and insulin resistance in fat cells. Those side effects, however, are completely blocked by resveratrol, according to a recent study.18

Various companies are working on developing drugs that spur SIRT1 activity. That could have enormous effects in antiaging medicine. One drug activated SIRT1 four times more than resveratrol, suggesting that lower doses may be used in comparison to resveratrol. In another recent study the experimental drug SIRT1720 proved to be a thousand times more potent than resveratrol in activating SIRT1. Mice given it had twice the endurance of untreated mice, and the drug prevented diet-induced bodyfat accretion by increasing fat oxidation in the rodents’ skeletal muscles, liver and brown adipose tissue.

On the other hand, it may be premature to take huge doses of resveratrol. A recent study of isolated mice neurons showed that large amounts of SIRT1 led to damage of brain cells through heightened oxidative activity. That implies that overstimulation of SIRT1 enzymes could have a paradoxical reverse effect—damaging health. Another study found that resveratrol protects the heart under conditions of ischemia, or blockage of blood flow to the heart, as occurs during a typical heart attack.

20 Higher doses had an opposite effect, initiating a death signal in heart cells.

In practical terms, this suggests that those who take huge doses of resveratrol may succumb to a heart attack that they might have survived had they been taking low doses of resveratrol. The mechanism was thought to be due to the accumulation of free iron.

Several other studies point to potentially serious health problems for people who take huge doses of resveratrol. For example, an animal study found that while resveratrol hindered tumor growth, it also blunted wound healing.21 An isolated-cell study found that high-dose resveratrol inhibited the synthesis of vital cellular nucleic acid compounds, such as RNA and DNA, and thus adversely affected protein synthesis, resulting in cellular death.22 In a 28-day study of high-dose resveratrol, treated rats showed signs of kidney toxicity, dehydration, anemia and abnormal liver function.23
   
If you choose to supplement with resveratrol, make sure that the supplement contains trans-resveratrol, the active form. Also carefully examine the elemental, or actual, levels of trans-resveratrol listed on the label, since many companies attempt to confuse consumers by listing only the amount of the resveratrol source, such as Japanese knotwood, or the total resveratrol content, including the inactive Cis form. The optimal human dose is unknown, despite what you may read on the Internet.

Beware of obtaining resveratrol from fly-by-night Internet suppliers. You have no assurance of quality control related to purity and potency and will be paying premium prices. Although resveratrol is fat-soluble, it does not have to be consumed with a meal containing fat, as do such fat-soluble nutrients as vitamins A, E, D and K.

Another alternative is to have a glass of red wine, sit back and watch what happens to those who force megadoses of resveratrol down their throats. It won’t take another study to see who is happier.

References
 
7 Baur, J.A., et al. (2006). Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature. 444:337-42.

8 Pearson, K.J., et al. (2008). Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending lifespan. Cell Metabol. 8:157-68.

9 Xiu, J., et al. (2008). Iron accumulation with age, oxidative stress and functional decline. Plos One.E2865.

10 Shin, S., et al. (2008). Trans-resveratrol relaxes the corpus cavernosum ex vivo and enhances testosterone levels and sperm quality in vivo. Arch Pharm Res. 31:83-87.

11 Jiang, Y.G., et al. (2008). Resveratrol reestablishes spermatogenesis after testicular injury in rats caused by 2,5-hexanedione. Chin Med J. 121:1204-1209.

12 Rathbone, C.R., et al. (2008). SIRT1 increases skeletal muscle precursor cell proliferation. Eur J Cell Biol. 88(1):35-44.

13 Murase, T., et al. (2008). Suppression of the aging-associated decline in physical performance by a combination of resveratrol intake and habitual exercise in senescence-accelerated mice. Biogerontol. In press.

14 Lagouge, M., et al. (2006). Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC1-alpha. Cell. 127:1109-22.

15 Fischer-Posovszky, P., et al. (2008). SIRT1 is involved in resveratrol-stimulated changes in human adipocytes. Int J Obes. 32(supp1):S44.

16 Rayalam, S., et al. (2008). Resveratrol induces and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Phytother Res. 22:1367-1371.
17 Szkudelska, K., et al. (2008). Is resveratrol a dietary compound which helps to prevent obesity? Int J Obes. 32(supp1):S37.
18 Kennedy, A., et al. (2008). Conjugated linoleic acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes are attenuated by resveratrol. J Lipid Res. In press.

19 Deige, J.N., et al. (2008). Specific SIRT1 activation mimics low energy levels and protects against diet-induced metabolic disorders by enhancing fat oxidation. Cell Metabol. 8:347-358.

20 Dudley, J., et al. (2008). Resveratrol, a unique phytoalexin present in red wine, delivers either survival signal or death signal to the ischemic myocardium depending on dose. J Nutr Biochem. 20(6):443-452.

21 Brakenheilm, E., et al. (2001). Suppression of angiogenesis, tumor growth and wound healing by resveratrol, a natural compound in red wine and grapes. FASEB J. 15:1798-1800.


22 Dubash, B.D., et al. (2000). Inhibitory effect of resveratrol and related compounds on the macromolecular synthesis in HL-60 cells and the metabolism of 7,12-di­meth­yl­benz(a)anthracene by mouse liver microsomes. In F. Shahidi and C.T. Ho (Eds.), Phytochemicals and Pharmaceuticals. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press.

23 Crowell, J.A., et al. (2004). Resveratrol-associated renal toxicity.Toxicol Sci. 82:614-19.

©,2013 Jerry Brainum. Any reprinting in any type of media, including electronic and foreign is expressly prohibited.

   

Please consider joining this blog by clicking on the blue "join this site" button to the right of this blog. This will ensure that new blogs continue to be published. It costs nothing, and takes only a few seconds. Thank you.


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